The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Henry II of England
England
1160–1161
Alfonso VIII of Castile
Spain
1160–1161
Afonso I of Portugal
Portugal
1160–1161
Louis VII of France
France
1160–1161
Emperor Gaozong of Song
China
1160–1161
Wanyan Liang
China
1160–1161
Manuel I Komnenos
Rome
1160–1161
Frederick Barbarossa
Holy Roman Empire
1160–1161
Malcolm IV of Scotland
Scotland
1160–1161
Emperor Nijō
Japan
1160–1161
Pope Alexander III
Papacy
1160–1161
Saint Erik
Sweden
1160–1160
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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