A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire
A. R. Disney
Carlos I and the twilight of the Braganza monarchy before the 1910 revolution.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Austria
1889–1908
Emperor Meiji
Japan
1889–1908
Wilhelm II
Prussia
1889–1908
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1890–1908
Abdul Hamid II
Ottoman Empire
1889–1908
Guangxu Emperor
China
1889–1908
Alfonso XIII
Spain
1889–1908
Oscar II of Sweden
Sweden
1889–1907
Nicholas II of Russia
Russia
1894–1908
Victoria
Great Britain
1889–1901
Pope Leo XIII
Papacy
1889–1903
William III of the Netherlands
Netherlands
1889–1890
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
Great Britain
1901–1908
Alexander III of Russia
Russia
1889–1894
Pope Pius X
Papacy
1903–1908
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Carlos I of Portugal's life and times.
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