Explore who held power in each world throne this year.

Spain
Alfonso XIII
all year
Western Europe

Portugal
Carlos I of Portugal
all year
Western Europe

Netherlands
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Oscar II of Sweden
all year
Northern Europe

Prussia
Wilhelm II
all year
Central Europe

Austria
Franz Joseph I of Austria
all year
Central Europe

Great Britain
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
from 22 Jan
Western Europe

Papacy
Pope Leo XIII
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Abdul Hamid II
all year
Eastern Mediterranean

Russia
Nicholas II of Russia
all year
Eastern Europe

China
Guangxu Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Meiji
all year
East Asia