The Last Mughal
William Dalrymple
The last emperors after the Mutiny, Dalrymple on Bahadur Shah Zafar and the dynasty's end.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
George III of Great Britain
Great Britain
1788–1788
Catherine II of Russia
Russia
1788–1788
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1788–1788
Frederick William II of Prussia
Prussia
1788–1788
Louis XVI of France
France
1788–1788
Abdul Hamid I
Ottoman Empire
1788–1788
Qianlong Emperor
China
1788–1788
Charles III of Spain
Spain
1788–1788
Emperor Kōkaku
Japan
1788–1788
Tokugawa Ienari
Japan (Shogunate)
1788–1788
Maria I of Portugal
Portugal
1788–1788
Pope Pius VI
Papacy
1788–1788
Gustav III of Sweden
Sweden
1788–1788
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Jahan Shah IV's life and times.
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