Explore who held power in each world throne this year.

France
Louis XVI of France
all year
Western Europe

Spain
Charles III of Spain
until 14 Dec
Western Europe

Portugal
Maria I of Portugal
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Gustav III of Sweden
all year
Northern Europe

Holy Roman Empire
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
all year
Central Europe

Prussia
Frederick William II of Prussia
all year
Central Europe

Great Britain
George III of Great Britain
all year
Western Europe

Papacy
Pope Pius VI
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Abdul Hamid I
all year
Eastern Mediterranean

Russia
Catherine II of Russia
all year
Eastern Europe

Mughal Empire
Shah Alam II
until 31 Jul
South Asia

China
Qianlong Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Kōkaku
all year
East Asia

Japan (Shogunate)
Tokugawa Ienari
all year
East Asia