Humayun

Reign: 1531 – 1540; 1555 – 1556
Life: 1508–1556

At the time of his death, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one million square kilometers. His half-brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul and Kandahar, the northernmost parts of their father's empire; the two half-brothers became bitter rivals. Early in his reign, Humayun lost his entire empire to Sher Shah Suri but regained it 15 years later with Safavid aid. His return from Persia was accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen, signaling an important change in Mughal court culture. The Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language, and literature. Following his return to power, Humayun quickly expanded the Empire, leaving a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar.

During Humayun's reign, Henry VIII of England ruled England, Suleiman the Magnificent ruled Ottoman Empire, and James V of Scotland ruled Scotland.

Want to learn more? Further reading

The Mughal Empire by John F. Richards

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The World During Their Reign

The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.

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The Mughal Empire

John F. Richards

Richards's survey covers Humayun's exile and return that kept the fledgling dynasty alive.

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