Explore who held power in each world throne this year.
Spain
Alfonso XII of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Portugal
Luís I of Portugal
all year
Western Europe

Netherlands
William III of the Netherlands
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Oscar II of Sweden
all year
Northern Europe
Prussia
Wilhelm I
all year
Central Europe

Austria
Franz Joseph I of Austria
all year
Central Europe

Great Britain
Victoria
all year
Western Europe

Papacy
Pope Leo XIII
from 20 Feb
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Abdul Hamid II
all year
Eastern Mediterranean

Russia
Alexander II of Russia
all year
Eastern Europe

China
Guangxu Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Meiji
all year
East Asia