The Mughal Empire
John F. Richards
A reign measured in weeks, Richards on the collapse of Mughal authority in the 1710s.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Kangxi Emperor
China
1719–1719
Frederick William I of Prussia
Prussia
1719–1719
Louis XV of France
France
1719–1719
George I of Great Britain
Great Britain
1719–1719
Ahmed III
Ottoman Empire
1719–1719
Philip V of Spain
Spain
1719–1719
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
1719–1719
Emperor Nakamikado
Japan
1719–1719
Tokugawa Yoshimune
Japan (Shogunate)
1719–1719
John V of Portugal
Portugal
1719–1719
Pope Clement XI
Papacy
1719–1719
Ulrika Eleonora I of Sweden
Sweden
1719–1719
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Rafi ud-Darajat's life and times.
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