Explore who held power in each world throne this year.
Spain
Alfonso XII of Spain
all year
Western Europe

Portugal
Luís I of Portugal
all year
Western Europe

Netherlands
William III of the Netherlands
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Oscar II of Sweden
all year
Northern Europe
Prussia
Wilhelm I
all year
Central Europe

Austria
Franz Joseph I of Austria
all year
Central Europe

Great Britain
Victoria
all year
Western Europe

Papacy
Pope Pius IX
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Murad V
30 May – 31 Aug
Eastern Mediterranean

Russia
Alexander II of Russia
all year
Eastern Europe

China
Guangxu Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Meiji
all year
East Asia