Explore who held power in each world throne this year.

France
Napoleon III
all year
Western Europe

Spain
Isabella II of Spain
until 30 Sep
Western Europe

Portugal
Luís I of Portugal
all year
Western Europe

Netherlands
William III of the Netherlands
all year
Western Europe

Sweden
Charles XV
all year
Northern Europe
Prussia
Wilhelm I
all year
Central Europe

Austria
Franz Joseph I of Austria
all year
Central Europe

Great Britain
Victoria
all year
Western Europe

Papacy
Pope Pius IX
all year
Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire
Abdulaziz
all year
Eastern Mediterranean

Russia
Alexander II of Russia
all year
Eastern Europe

China
Tongzhi Emperor
all year
East Asia

Japan
Emperor Meiji
all year
East Asia

Japan (Shogunate)
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
until 1 Jan
East Asia