The Roman Emperors
Michael Grant
Gallienus and the empire's fragmentation, the crisis of the third century.
The World During Their Reign
The most notable rulers who held power elsewhere at the same time, from European courts to Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese thrones.
Liu Shan
China
253–263
Pope Dionysius
Papacy
259–268
Valerian
Rome
253–260
Sun Liang
China
253–258
Sun Hao
China
264–268
Sun Xiu
China
257–264
Cao Huan
China
260–266
Cao Mao
China
254–260
Emperor Wu of Jin
China
266–268
Ingenuus
Rome
258–260
Pope Stephen I
Papacy
254–257
Macrianus Major
Rome
260–261
Pope Sixtus II
Papacy
257–258
Cao Fang
China
253–254
Meanwhile in history
One “meanwhile in history” story each week: who ruled where, and what was happening on thrones across the world.
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Further Reading
Well-regarded biographies and histories to go deeper on Gallienus's life and times.
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